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Congress Explained
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Congress Explained
Representation and Lawmaking in the First Branch

Second Edition

Other Titles in:
Congress

September 2025 | CQ Press
A brief, accessible guide to the institution, Congress Explained: Representation and Lawmaking in the First Branch walks students through the inner workings of the modern Congress. Congressional experts Casey Burgat, Charles Hunt, and SoRelle Gaynor help students understand the branch by examining legislators’ responsibilities toward constituents, the ways their backgrounds and perspectives influence their work, and the incentives that drive lawmaking in today's hyperpolarized Congress. In this updated Second Edition, new features, case studies, and data-based figures focus on changes to the institution over time and the ways individuals operate the pulls and levers of the branch to achieve legislative goals.
 
Preface
 
Acknowledgments
 
About the Authors
 
Chapter 1: Introduction: Congress on the Brink
How Is Congress Perceived Today?

 
What Does It Mean to Represent?

 
What Big Challenges Does Congress Face?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 2: Mastering the Basics: Organization, Rules, and Leaders of the House and Senate
The Constitution and Congress

 
One Congress, Two Different Chambers

 
Constituents Empower Representatives

 
The Modern Institutionalized Congress

 
Pivotal Players: House and Senate Leadership

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 3: Representation: Making Connections at Home and in Washington
How Do Political Scientists Explain Representation?

 
Representation at Home: Home Styles

 
Representation in Washington

 
Legislative Styles

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 4: Congressional Elections: The Pathway to Congress
Who Runs for Congress?

 
The Institutional Environment

 
Voting in Congressional Elections

 
Money in Congressional Campaigns

 
Congressional Primaries

 
The General Election Campaign

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 5: Parties in Congress: Power and Polarization
Parties in Congress, 1789–1980

 
Two-Party Polarization in the Modern Congress, 1960–2024

 
How Parties Organize Congress

 
How Party Leaders Wield Power

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 6: The Congressional Committee System: Dividing the Workload
Why Does Congress Have Committees?

 
What Types of Committees Exist in Congress?

 
What Do Committees Do?

 
How Are Members Assigned to Committees?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 7: Policymaking in the Gridlock Era
Why Does Today’s Congress Pass So Few Laws?

 
What Does Gridlock Look Like in Congress?

 
How Regular Order Lawmaking Works

 
How Lawmaking Works in the Gridlock Era

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 8: The Congressional Budget Process: Follow the Money
How Do We Talk About the Federal Budget?

 
Where Does the Money Come From—And Where Does It Go?

 
How Is the Budget Process Designed to Work?

 
How Does the Budget Process Actually Work?

 
How Might the Budget Process Be Fixed?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 9: Congress and the President: The Two Ends of Pennsylvania Avenue
What Is the President’s Role in Lawmaking?

 
How Can the President Make Policy Without Congress?

 
How Does Representation Affect the Executive-Legislative Relationship?

 
How Do the President and Congress Balance Power Today?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 10: Congress, the Courts, and the Bureaucracy: Non-Legislator Legislating
How Does Congress Interact With the Courts?

 
How Has Polarization Affected the Courts?

 
How Does Congress Interact With the Bureaucracy

 
How Does Congressional Oversight Work?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 11: Congress and External Influences: Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Media
What Are Interest Groups?

 
How Do Interest Groups Influence Congress?

 
How Do Social Movements and Activists Influence Congress?

 
How Does the Media Affect Congress?

 
Who Do Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Media Represent?

 
Conclusion

 
Key Terms

 
 
Chapter 12: Conclusion: The Congress We Deserve
How Well Does Congress Represent Us?

 
How Might We Reform Congress?

 
 
Glossary

For instructors

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