Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 • Overview
General Perspectives on Measurement
Historical Origins of Measurement in Social Science
Later Developments in Measurement
The Role of Measurement in the Social Sciences
Chapter 2 • Understanding the Latent Variable
Constructs Versus Measures
Latent Variable as the Presumed Cause of Scale Item Values
Further Elaboration of the Measurement Model
Chapter 3 • Scale Reliability
Methods Based on the Analysis of Variance
Continuous Versus Dichotomous Items
Remedies to Alpha’s Limitations
Reliability Based on Correlations Between Scale Scores
Reliability and Statistical Power
Chapter 4 • Scale Validity
Criterion-Related Validity
What About Face Validity?
Chapter 5 • Guidelines in Scale Development
Step 1: Determine Clearly What It Is You Want to Measure
Step 2: Generate an Item Pool
Step 3: Determine the Format for Measurement
Step 4: Have Initial Item Pool Reviewed by Experts
Step 5: Cognitive Interviewing
Step 6: Consider Inclusion of Validation Items
Step 7: Administer Items to a Development Sample
Step 8: Evaluate the Items
Step 9: Optimize Scale Length
Chapter 6 • Factor Analysis
Overview of Factor Analysis
Conceptual Description of Factor Analysis
Bifactor and Hierarchical Factor Models
Principal Components Versus Common Factors
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Using Factor Analysis in Scale Development
Chapter 7 • The Index
How an Index Differs From a Scale
Rules of Thumb for Differentiating an Index From a Scale
Is It a Scale or an Index? Formal Methods for Distinguishing Effect and Causal Indicators
Steps in Developing and Evaluating an Index
Methods Based on Structural Equation Modeling
Criticisms of Index Composites
Chapter 8 • An Overview of Item Response Theory
Guessing, or False Positives
Item-Characteristic Curves
IRT Applied to Multiresponse Items
Chapter 9 • Measurement in the Broader Research Context
After Scale Administration
References