List of Figures
List of Tables
A Note to Students
Acknowledgments
1. What Is a Number? Is a Rose Always a Rose?
Some Final Thoughts About Scales of Measurement
Numbers and Response Formats
Some Final Thoughts About Response Formats
Numbers and Test Scores--How Do They Relate?
Some Final Thoughts About Measurement Scales and Response Formats
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
2. Frequencies: One Potato, Two Potato, Three Potato, Four
Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
Grouped Frequency Distributions
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Some Final Thoughts About Frequency Distributions
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
3. The Distribution of Test Scores--The Perfect Body?
Some Final Thoughts About Distribution of Test Scores
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
4. Central Tendencies and Dispersion--Coming Together or Growing Apart
Central Tendencies--The Inner Core of the Normal Curve
Medians and Modes for Grouped Frequency Data
Some Final Points About Central Tendency
Dispersion--Not All Bodies Are the Same
Means and Standard Deviations in the Real World
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
Your New Best Friend--SPSS
5. Standardized Scores--Do You Measure Up?
Percentiles--What They Mean in Measurement
Percentile Ranks for Grouped Data
Some Final Thoughts About Percentile Ranks
Why Transform a Raw Score to a Z Score?
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
Your New Best Friend–SPSS
6. Norms and Criterion Scores--Keeping Up With the Joneses or Not
Criterion-Referenced Tests--Do You Know as Much as You Should?
Norm-Referenced Tests--Dying to Fit In
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
7. Error Scores--The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth?
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
8. Building a Strong Test--One the Big Bad Wolf Can’t Blow Down
Some Final Thoughts About Item Difficulty
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
9. Reliability--The Same Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
The Mathematical Foundation of Reliability
Types of Reliability Estimates
Standard Error of Measurement
Correlation Coefficients as Measures of Reliability
Some Final Thoughts About Reliability
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
10. Validity--What You See Is Not Always What You Get
Helping You Get What You See
Sources of Validity Evidence
The Marriage of Reliability and Validity--Wedded Bliss
Interpreting the Validity of Tests--Intended and Unintended Consequences
Some Final Thoughts About Validity
Models and Self-instructional Exercises
11. The Perils and Pitfalls of Testing--Being Ethical
Rights of Those Being Tested
Appendix
References
Index
About the Authors